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THE
SUBSURFACE MAPS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN THE OIL INDUSTRY
ABSTRACT
Seismic interpretation data and
applications are the key element of a rapid technological evolution in the
remote sensing of the subsurface maps that has resulted in geoscientists
movement from data poor to data rich Stewart, S. A. 1999. The proliferation of
subsurface data has profoundly affected the productivity of oil exploration of
industry within last two decade. This is radically improved of the ability to
predict what lies beneath the earth surface, exploration and production. Log in
construction maps (well) are the supplemented by 2-D data (seismic section and
maps) in the 1950s and by 3-D seismic data from the 1970s onwards Davies R. I.,
Bell B. R. and shoulders S. (2002). However, the evolution of the point are the
essentially dealt with a seismic constructions maps without the used of fourth
dimension-time and the advent of a recent recorded change in the subsurface due
to hydrocarbon extraction overtime. Today, exploration involves the extraction
of more geological information from the seismic signals than ever before
(Leadholm et al 1985).
LIST OF
FIGURES
v Contour map showing control points before
and after contouring.
v Isopach map showing Drilled thickness vs.
actual bed thickness.
v Isochare map showing Drilled thickness vs.
actual bed thickness shown above.
v Isochare map showing colors units.
v A
cross sections showing log correlation technique.
v Top & Cross-sectional views of an
Isopach map of the thickness of sediments between an unconformity and basement.
v Seismic constructions showing a profile and
interpretation from mentawai forearc basin source
v Log in constructions showing a constant
thickness layer in drilling at different angles by three well (Isopach vs
Isochare map
v Depth structure and Isopach map.
v Log construction of Isopach/Isochore map.
v The diagram illustrating correlation of
depth lithologies at various depth.
v Geological sketch showing map of the study
area (modified after fey base et al 1987)
TABLE OF
CONTENT
Abstract
List of
figures
Table of
contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Basic Definition
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Types of subsurface maps
2.1 Structure contour maps
2.2 Isopach maps
2.3 Isochore maps
2.4 Cross sections
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Petrophysics/seismic interpretation data
3.1 Use of seismic in constructing structure
Isopach maps
3.2 Use of Log in constructing Isopach/Isochore
maps
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Application of subsurface maps
CHAPTER FIVE
Subsurface
maps: A case study from Geofizika in Southeastern Cameroon Area.
CHAPTER SIX
Summary/Conclusion
References
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Subsurface maps are perhaps the most
important vehicle used to explore for undiscovered hydrocarbons and to develop
proven hydrocarbon reserves. However, the subject of subsurface mapping is
probably the least discussed of interpretation and the construction of
structure/Isopach maps, yet most important aspect of petroleum exploration and
development. As a field developed from its initial discovery, a large volume of
well, seismic and production data are obtained. With these data, the accuracy
of the subsurface interpretation is improved through time.
The most accurate interpretation for any
specifics oil and gas field can be prepared only after the field has been
extensively drilled and most of the hydrocarbons have been depleted. However
accurate and reliable subsurface interpretations and maps are required
throughout all exploration and development activities.
1.2 BASIC DEFINITIONS
1. Surface mapping: Is a way to
visualize various geologic and hydrologic features in any dimension for a 1-D
cross section to a 4-D production map.
2. Seismic data: is a method of
exploration, geophysics that used the principles of seismology to estimate the
properties of the earth subsurface from reflected seismic waves.
3. Seismic interpretation: Is the
determination of the geological significance of seismic data.
4. Seismic stratigraphy: Is a techniques
for interpreting stratigraphic information from seismic data.
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