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KIDNAPPING IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL SECURITY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
page - - - - - - - - - - i
Declaration - - - - - - - - - ii
Approval
Page - - - - - - - - - - iii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - iv
Acknowledgement- - - - - - - - - v
Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - vi
List
of Tables - - - - - - - - - x
List of Figures- - - - - - - - - - xi
List of Abbreviation - - - - - - - - xii
Abstract - - - - - - - - - - xiii
CHAPTER
ONE:
1.0 General Introduction- - - - - - - - 1
1.1 Background to the Study - - - - - - - 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem- - - - - - - 6
1.3 Objectives of the Study- - - - - - - 7
1.4 Research Assumption - - - - - - - 8
1.5 Significance of the Study - - - - - - 8
1.6 Theoretical Framework - - - - - - 9
1.7 Scope of the Study - - - - - - - 13
1.8 Limitations of the Study- - - - - - - 14
1.9 Research Methodology- - - - - - - 15
References - - - - - - - - - 16
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature
Review- - - - - - - - 18
2.1 Introduction
- - - - - - - - 18
2.2 Concept of
Kidnapping- - - - - - - 19
2.3 Kidnapping in
Nigeria - - - - - - - 24
2.4 The Concept
of National Security - - - - - 26
2.5 Kidnapping and National Security - - - - - 30
2.6 Summary - - - - - - - - - 33
References - - - - - - - - - 35
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Research Methodology - - - - - - - 38
3.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - 38
3.2 Research Design- - - - - - - - 38
3.3 Area of Study- - - - - - - - - 39
3.4 Research Population- - - - - - - - 40
3.5 Sampling and Sampling Technique- - - - - 40
3.6 Instrument of Data Collection - - - - - 41
3.7 Validation of the Instruments- - - - - - 41
3.8 Method of Data Collection - - - - - - 42
3.9 Method of Data Analysis - - - - - - 42
3.10 Weakness of the Study- - - - - - - 42
3.11 Summary- - - - - - - - - - 43
References - - - - - - - - 44
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 Data Presentation Analysis and Findings of the
Study - 45
4.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - 45
4.2 Respondents Profile - - - - - - - 46
4.3 Analysis of Data - - - - - - - - 49
4.4 Kidnapping in Nigeria - - - - - - - 50
4.5 Causes of Kidnapping in Nigeria - - - - - 54
4.6 Economic
Factors as A Cause of Kidnapping In Nigeria - 55
4.7 Implication of Kidnapping on National
Security - - - 61
4.8 Summary of Findings - - - - - - - 66
References - - - - - - - - 69
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0 Summary Conclusion and Recommendations- - - - 71
5.1 Conclusion- - - - - - - - - 71
5.2 Recommendations- - - - - - - -
73
Bibliography - - - - - - - - 74
Appendix - - - - - - - - - 79
Appendix II - - - - - - - - - 81
Appendix III - - - - - - - - 82
Bio Data - - - - - - - - - 85
LIST OF TABLE
Serial
|
Title
of Table
|
Page
No
|
(a)
|
(b)
|
(c)
|
1.
|
Distribution
of respondents by location (states)
|
47
|
2.
|
Profession
of respondents
|
48
|
3.
|
Opinion
of respondents to the question whether Nigeria could be considered a
kidnapping nation
|
50
|
4.
|
Opinion
of respondents to economic factor as a
cause of kidnapping in Nigeria
|
55
|
5.
|
Opinion
of respondents to political instability as a cause of kidnapping in Nigeria
|
58
|
6.
|
Answer
of respondents on kidnapping as an adverse effect on national security
|
61
|
LIST OF FIGURES
Serial
|
Title
of Table
|
Page
No
|
(a)
|
(b)
|
(c)
|
1.
|
Pie
Chart Showing Percentage of Questionnaires Returned
|
46
|
2.
|
Pie
Chart Showing distribution of respondents by profession
|
48
|
3.
|
Bar
Chart Showing percentage of respondent on whether Nigeria
|
51
|
4.
|
Bar
Chart Showing percentage of respondent on economic factor as a cause of kidnapping in Nigeria
|
55
|
5.
|
Bar
Chart Showing percentage of respondent to political instability as a cause of
kidnapping in Nigeria
|
58
|
6.
|
Bar
Chart Showing percentage of respondent on kidnapping as an adverse effect on
national security
|
62
|
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
NGOs - Non-Government Organisations
US - United States.
UK - United
Kingdom
UN - United-Nations
MDG - Millennium Development of Nigeria
FGN - Federal Government of Nigeria
MEND - Movement for the Emancipation of Niger
Delta
ABSTRACT
The
study was set out with four objective: to determine the relationship between
kidnapping and national security, to examine the various factors responsible
for kidnapping in Nigeria, to determine the implication of kidnapping on
national security, examine the challenges of curbing kidnapping in Nigeria and
proffer ways of curbing the spread of the menace of kidnapping in Nigeria. The
methodology used included the questionnaire as well as descriptive analysis of data
presented. The study revealed that kidnapping has not only become a criminal
phenomenon or an academic issue of discuss but also a major threat to national
security. Kidnapping has been related in some countries to the crime of
terrorism which shares a major threat to national security. Kidnapping in
Nigeria, however considered new to the security or crime challenges to Nigeria,
has taken a rather dramatic and worrisome position. This has been due to the
dimension it took in its widespread in almost all the region of Nigeria. The
causes of kidnapping in Nigeria have been grouped under economic and political
factors. Economic in the sense of the low per capital income, poverty,
unemployment to mention a few has been a major factor that has propelled the adoption
kidnapping especially by youths. The political factors have been related to the
political struggle for self for attainment and development of the Niger Delta
region, as well as its adoption by political miscreants. In To this end, there is the need to put in
place some measures in order to achieve the essence of national security as
well as well human development some of those measure as recommended in this
study include the adoption of developmental project for the youth of the
society including the full implication of MDG project. Another measure to this
the creating of an enabling factor for self employment of the youths of the
country as well equipping in capacity and sophistication security personnel in
to combat the kidnapping menace head on
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
All over the world societies have had to deal with criminality in
various forms. Some of these forms of criminality have proved a great challenge
to the society and stretched the debate on what crime is. The concept of crime
has a long history in the civilization of man. Some religious communities see
crime in the perspective of sin (Wikipedia Encyclopedia 2010). Some highlighted the issue of crime as sin in
a mythological or legendary account of the origin of man. One of such is the
Quran and Biblical records of the fall of man which tells the story of Adam and
Eve’s eating the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden (King James Bible). There
are disparities on the concept of crime with regards to people and places
(Hulsman, 2000: 2). Nevertheless, when
it bears its effect upon individuals and national security, it often becomes an
issue of national concern. Some of these crimes have evolved through societal
and legal processes giving some form of societal idiosyncrasies to some
criminal acts.
One of such criminal act is
kidnapping. Defining kidnapping poses a number of definitional problems in
relations to a country’s legal and moral viewpoints as well as the availability
of variances such as hostage taking and hijacking. However, in the context of
this paper, Kidnapping in criminal law is an offence involving taking and
conveying away a person against his or her will, either by force, fraud or
intimidation (Wikipedia Encyclopesia, 2010). The issue of kidnapping however
gained its early prominence in England when kids were abducted
(EtymologyOnline, “Kidnap”). The word kidnapping thereby culminated from the
phrase “kid nabbing” and was first recorded in the year 1673 (EtymologyOnline,
“Kidnap”). Over the years, it has taken different forms with regard to the
reason for carrying out such action by perpetrators.
Kidnapping is a global phenomenon
which has been of great challenge to every government of affected countries.
Some areas of concern to most government and Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGOs) are the relationship of kidnapping to the issue of human trafficking and
prostitution (SAARC Convention on
Preventing and Combating Trafficking of Women and Chilren for Prostitution).
In recent times, the crime of kidnapping
has been linked to political intents where victims are kidnapped to push
forward a political statement (Cambodian
Law of Kidnapping and Trafficking). It
has also been related to the issue of terrorism which has threatened global
security (Osaghae, 2007: 19-22). Another reason for kidnapping which has
recently gained prominence in Nigeria is kidnapping for ransom. Each and every
one of these reasons has in one way or the other threatened the national
security of countries where such crime is perpetrated. Its resultant effects
have been the proliferation of arms and the parting of large sums of money to
kidnappers from victims. This has therefore been a major threat to national
security of any nation.
As a matter of importance to the
survival of any nation, the issue of national security becomes paramount in the
policies of government. This is as a result of the fact that the survival of
the political, economic, social and diplomatic sovereignty of any nation
depends highly on the national security of that nation (Yun, Hostage Taking and Kidnapping in Terrorism).
The concept of national security is wide with different definitions; as there
is no universally accepted definition of national security. Chief Olusegun Obasanjo defined National Security as
“the aggregation of the security interests of all individuals, communities,
ethnic groups, political entities and institutions which inhabits the territory
of our great country Nigeria” (A Priority
for U.S National Security and African Development).
A more comprehensive and
all-emcompassing world-view definition of national security was made by
President Barack Obama in the context of the US which can also be adopted by
other nations. He defined national security as the security of the US, its
citizens, partners and allies, a strong innovative and growing economy and an
open international economic system that promotes opportunity and prosperity. He
added that national security also encompass the respect for universal values at
home and around the world and an international order that promotes peace,
security, and opportunity through stronger cooperation to meet global
challenges (International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Assembly Resolution, 1976 ).
The crime of kidnapping however threatens the very elements of this definition
which is encompassed in national development which should therefore be of
serious national concern.
In Nigeria, the crime of kidnapping
gained prominence lately with the political strives of militants of the Niger
Delta region of the South-South Nigeria (Barack, 2010). The kidnapping of
expatriates in Nigeria threatens the very economic base of the nation which is
oil exploration. To further push forward their political statement, the
militants stepped up their criminal acts by kidnapping Nigerians of high
political status or political figures. This eventually led to the Federal Government
of Nigeria (FGN) taking decisive steps in checking the activities of militants
which eventually resulted in the amnesty programme of the Late President Umar
Yar Adua (Akpan, 2010). Unfortunately, the business of kidnapping spread to
other areas of the country especially in the Eastern part of Nigeria and metamorphosed
into a business mostly perpetrated by youths to make money.
Presently, the rate of kidnapping in
Nigeria, in spite of the effort of police and other security agencies has been
quite worrisome and poses a great challenge to the national security of the
country. It has stalled business activities in some areas as well created fear
in the minds of Nigerians. On the other
hand, the perpetrators, who are mostly youths, are lost to such criminal
activities instead of being gainfully employed as productive citizens for
Nigeria’s development. The kidnapping of some journalists around Abia state was
regarded as the height of the insensitivity of kidnappers (Egwemi, 2010). This has prompted the government of Nigeria
to initiate strategies to check kidnapping in the country. The various states
in Nigeria are initiating steps at establishing stringent laws to dissuade
would-be kidnappers (Nigeria’s Latest
Booming Business, AFP). There is
however the need for government to initiate more strategies to curb the menace
of kidnapping which threatens the national security of Nigeria.
1.2 Statement
of the Problem
Kidnapping took a rather dramatic
dimension in Nigeria recently with its spread to other areas of the country
from the Niger Delta region. This has therefore posed a serious challenge to
Nigeria’s national security. Its impact on the nation has been quite enormous
as it affects the socio-economic cum political lives of average Nigerians. This study in the quest of finding solution
to the menace of kidnapping in Nigeria, seeks to answer the following question.
1.3 Research
Questions
(1) What is the relationship
between kidnapping and national security?
(2) What are the factors that
are responsible for the increase of kidnapping in Nigeria?
(3) What are the effects of Kidnapping
on Nigeria’s national security?
(4) What are the challenges faced
in dealing with the problem of kidnapping in Nigeria?
(5) What are the roles of
government in curbing the menace of kidnapping?
1.4 Objectives
of the Study
The specific objectives of this study
therefore are:
(1) To determine the relationship
between kidnapping and national security.
(2) To examine the various
factors responsible for kidnapping in Nigeria.
(3) To determine the
implications of kidnapping to Nigeria’s national security.
(4) To highlight the challenges in eradicating
the problem of kidnapping.
(5) To propose in Nigeria measures
that could be adopted to effectively check the growth of kidnapping in Nigeria.
1.5 Research
Assumption
At the inception of democracy in
Nigeria kidnapping cases were perpetuated by militants of the Niger Delta who
were fighting for a common course of resource control. The capabilities of the
militants to carry out attack especially in engagement with the military shows
the level of security deterioration in the Niger Delta region. Likewise, the kidnapping of people which has
bedevilled the society recently is also perpetuated by youths of the society.
This study therefore seeks to
establish that if opportunities of good education, employment and an
environment for self sustenance are provided for these youths, the problem of
kidnapping will be easily curbed. It also seeks to establish that a proper training
and equipping of the security agencies will go a long way in reducing crimes
especially kidnapping incidences.
1.5 Significance
of the Study
The issue of kidnapping could be
relatively new to Nigeria compared to other countries. This therefore poses a
great challenge to the government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria in its
combating of crime and maintaining national security. This paper therefore will
be beneficial to the government of Nigeria in putting in place machineries to
fight against this menace. It will also be beneficial to security agencies who
are directly or indirectly involved in curbing the problem of kidnapping in the
country.
This study will also add to the
existing literature and body of knowledge on the topical issue of kidnapping as
it relates to the issue of national security especially in Nigeria. It will
also be a reference material for subsequent research work.
1.6 Theoretical Frame Work
What this
research will achieve in the theoretical concept of the iron law of
responsibility. This law states that in a long run, those who do not use power
in ways that society considers responsible will tend to lose it.
The
implication of this theoretical constant is that those multinationals
organization that are blind towards the provision of infrastructure and social
amenities to the host communities will eventually have opposition at a long
run.
A typical
example is the agitation of the Niger – Delta situation which has affected the
production of crude oil by multinational companies operating the region, which
SHELL is a Victim.
There are so
many social threats in the region like kidnapping, pipe lines destruction,
militant killing among others.
The Niger Delta Situation
Education is
not the cause of unemployment per se but the skill required in the relevant
areas. The reason for this is that individuals in the past make the opinions
and attitudes to the world of work and the vocation they intend to take up in
the future. This dictates the discipline they intend to pursue to be skilled.
The right of choice of vocations by individuals is now violated by parents most
especially by mothers without measuring the ability of their choice with
capability of those for whom they decide for. Individuals come out and get
dissatisfied with the jobs available because they do not have the skills in the
relevant areas; hence there is lack of job satisfaction.
Oladiti
(1990) describes job satisfaction as the extent to which a person is satisfied
by the content and the environment of work. Job dissatisfaction is the extent
to which a person is displeased or frustrated by inadequate working conditions
and tedious job content. What exists in the Niger Delta is job dissatisfaction
because the youths want to work in the areas for which they have no skill.
There is therefore lack of basic skill for employment and the youths are not
ready to take challenging jobs.
In the area,
three classes can be identified, the political elite who use their affluent
life style to cause terrorism and kidnapping. There are those in absolute
poverty who are unemployed and have no income or resource to maintain minimum
healthy living. There are also those in primary poverty whose minimum income or
resources in enough for physical maintenance or health. These last two groups
of classes see the affluence of the political class who may not be better than
them educationally but use state resource to their satisfaction.
At the
context of national development, the core-periphery model can be applied to the
region. The golden egg which makes the area a core is the oil exploration and
exploitation. The oil and gas found in the region are propulsive forms capable
of generating large scale employment. The hinterland of the Niger Delta or the
rest of Nigeria is the periphery to the core. The model refers to the spatial
division of Nigeria into an economic relationship. The core is oil-gas rich
area of Nigeria and the periphery are the areas articulated to the need of the
core area.
No special
criteria have been used to define poverty nor is there data to buttress the
level of poverty. However, the paper adopts the inadequate supply of money,
inadequate educational opportunities and inequality as measures of poverty.
Equally budget standards can be applied to the definition. The adoption of
budget standards presumes that the adoption of N 10,000.00 minimum national
monthly wage would be applicable. The use of these budget standards assumes
that those who are employed would earn this amount. For those unemployed this
minimum wage is a mirage and makes the absolute poverty applicable.
The inability
of indigenes to be appointed is because of lack of relevant skills due to
inadequate educational opportunities. For example if vacancy exists for a
petroleum engineer and an electrical engineer surfaces, he stands unappointable
because his skills is not in the relevant area. Similarly youths may be
unwilling to take up jobs whose income cannot commensurate with the political
class. Most people now look for easy means of making money, just as they
perceive of the political class.
Acts of
terrorism, insurrections and kidnapping have become synonymous with the Niger
Delta youths because of connivance with some political groups which they see as
alternative to means of livelihood and a route out of the poverty syndrome. By
August 2007 relatives of politicians had fallen victims of kidnapping. For
example the mother of Celestine Omehia, River State Governor was kidnapped.
Madam Hansel a.k.a. Mama Yenogoa, mother of Speaker, Bayelsa State was
kidnapped and a N50million ransom was demanded, Margaret Hill was also
kidnapped (Odume, 2007). Mr. Odili’s nephew to former Governor of River State,
Peter Odili was kidnapped and a ransom of N50 million demanded (Guardian, 2008)
etc. recently, N 4 million was demanded for a kidnapped victim but was later
found dead a day after N 2 million was paid for his release. A relative of a
member of River State House of Assembly was kidnapped in River State and a
ransom of N 440 million demanded was not fully met, it was partially met but
not publicized. To the youths involved in this act of terrorism, it is a
profitable “employment”.
1.7 Scope
of the Study
This study covered the period between 2005
and 2010. This is the period when there was a significant increase in
kidnapping cases in Nigeria. This period witnessed the increase of the active
militant struggle in the Niger Delta region of South-South Nigeria. The period
also covers the recent spate of kidnapping in several parts of which included
the kidnapping of journalists and some children in Abia state amongst other
states. Some Kidnapping cases in Nigeria from 2005-2010 is at Appendix I.
This study will therefore be restricted
to reference materials on the issue of kidnapping as it relates to the concept
of national security from 1999 to 2010. Referrals on the issue of national
security will also be based upon materials within this period.
1.8 Limitations
of the Study
This study is impaired by the challenge of few materials available for
reference on the topic of kidnapping in Nigeria. This has only been a new topic
of discuss in the academic setting. Some information which would have been
relevant for this research work was not disclosed by security agents who were
interviewed.
1.9 Research Methodology
The data for the study were derived from both
primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected through the use of
questionnaires and oral interview with people considered relevant to the
subject matter. Secondary data on the other hand were collected from
newspapers, journals, other unpublished materials and the internet.
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