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EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE ON MENTAL
HEALTH
CHAPTER ONE
1.1
INTRODUCTION
Drug abuse
is the habitual abuse of licit of illicit drugs to the extent that the abuse
substantially injuries a person’s health or substantially interferes with his
or her social or economic functioning. Furthermore, any person who has lost the
power of self-control over the use of drugs is considered a chronic drug
abuser.
Many
individuals having problems with drug abuse also suffer from issues like mental
health disorder, most often drug abuse is an attempt of a person to “self
medicate” the emotional or mental problem that has plagued them. Studies have
shown often times that drug abuse can accelerate mental disorder. Often times a
person who is living with drug abuse will not even recognize that they have a
form of mental illness. Through drug abuse, they may be self medicating and
even realize it.
People who
experience drug abuse in combination with the mental illness may be resistant
to treatment and recovery because they may deny the problem when confronted
with their behaviours. Many a time drug treatment intervention may be required
to address the drug behaviour and the problems it is causing that the person
will be confronted with facts they cannot ignore. The elementary stage to treat
the drug abuse is often simply a symptom greater, deeper, underlying problem.
1.2 THE
CONCEPT OF DRUG ABUSE
What is drug
and what is drug abuse? Drugs are substances, which interact with our body
system to modify the physiological and biomedical process of the body. Drugs
which exert their major effects on the brain and psychological functioning
resulting in such effects as sedation, stimulation or change in mood or
behaviour are called “psychoactive substances (Burns, 1988), and are
potentially habit forming.
The
maladaptive use of such substances, such as when they are medically necessary,
when they are used against legal prohibition, or when there is a maladaptive or
excessive use of socially acceptable drugs (e.g. alcoholic, kolanut), resulting
in significant impairment in personal, social and occupational functioning,
constitute the phenomenon of drug abuse (Odejide and Morekinyo, 2004).
Why Do Some
People Develop a problem but others don’t?
Substance
use disorder is an illness that can affect anyone; rich or poor, male or
female, employed or unemployed, young or old, and any race or ethnicity. Nobody
knows for sure exactly what causes it, but the chance of developing a substance
use disorder depends partly on genetics-biological traits passed down through
families. A person’s environment, psychological traits, and stress level also
play major roles by contributing to the use of alcohol or drugs.
Researchers
have found that using drugs for a long time changes the brain in important,
long lasting ways. It is as if a switch in the brain turned on at some point.
This point is different for every person, but when this switch turns on, the
person crosses an invisible line and becomes dependent on the substance. People
who start using drugs or alcohol early in life run a greater risk of crossing
line and becoming dependent. These changes in the brain remain long after a
person stops using drugs or drinking alcohol. Even though your family member
has an illness, it does not excuse the bad behaviour that often accompanies it.
Your loved one is not at fault for having a disease, but he or she is
responsible for getting treatment.
What are the
Symptoms of Substance use Disorders?
One of the
most important signs of substance addiction or dependence is continued use of
drugs or alcohol despite experiencing the serials negative consequences of
heavy during or alcohol use. Often, a person will blame other people or
circumstances for his or her problem instead of realizing that the difficulties
result from use of drugs or alcohol. For example, your partner may believe he
was fired from jobs because his bosses didn’t know how to run a business
perhaps your loved one has even blamed you. People with this illness really may
believe that they drink normally or that “everyone takes drugs. These false
beliefs are called denial, and denial is part of the illness.
The media
often portray people with substance use disorders as unemployed, unproductive,
criminal, and homeless. However, many people who are dependent on alcohol or
drugs do not fit this stereotype; they have jobs and live with their families.
Other
important symptoms of substance use disorder include Tolerance. A person will
need increasingly larger amounts of alcohol or drugs to get high.
Craving: A
person will feel a strong need, desire, or urge to use alcohol or drugs, will
use alcohol or a drug despite negative consequences, and will feel anxious and
irritable if he or she can’t use them. Craving is a primary symptom of
addiction.
Loss of
Control: A person often will drink more alcohol or take more drugs than he or
she meant to, or may use drugs at a time or place he or she had not planned. A
person also may try to reduce or stop drinking or using drugs times, but may
fail.
Studies over
the past two decades have tried to determine the origins, and pathways of drug
abuse-how the problem starts and how it progress. Many factors have been
identified that help differentiate those more like to abuse drugs from those
less vulnerable to abuse. Factors associated with greater potential for drug
abuse are called “risk” factors, while those associated with reduced potential
for abuse are called “protective” factors. However, most individuals at risk
for drug abuse do not start using drugs or become addicted. Also, a risk factor
for one person may not be for another. Gender may also determine how an
individual responds to risk factor. Researcher on relationships within the
family shows that adolescent girls respond positively to parental support and
discipline, while adolescent boys sometimes respond negatively. Research on
early risk behaviours in the school setting shows that aggressive behaviour in
boys and learning difficulties in girls are the primary causes of poor peer
relationships. These poor relationships, most individuals at risk for drug
abuse do not start using drugs or become addicted. Also, a risk factor for one
person may not be for another. Gender may also determine how an individual
responds to risk factors. Research on relationships within the family shows
that adolescent girls respond positively to parental support and dispelling,
while adolescent girls respond positively to parental support and discipline,
while adolescent girls sometimes respond negatively. Research on early risk
behaviours in the school setting shows that aggressive behaviour in boys and
learning difficulties in girls are the primary causes of poor peer
relationships. These poor relationships, in turn, can lead to social rejection
a negative school experience, and problem behaviours including drug abuse.
What are the
early signs of risk that may predict later drug abuse?
Some signs
of risk can be seen as early as infancy, children’s personality traits or
temperament can place them at increased risk for later drug abuse. With drawn
and aggressive boys, for example, often exhibit problem behaviours in
interactions with their families, peers, and others and others they encounter
in social settings. If these behaviours continues, they will likely lead to
other risk. These risks can include academic failure, early peer rejection, and
later affiliation with deviant peers, often the most immediate risk for drug
abuse in abuse adolescent.
Studies have
showing that children with poor academic performance and inappropriate social
behaviour at ages seven (7) to nine(9) are more likely to be involved with
substance abuse by age 14-15.
Children’s
earliest interactions occur within the family and can be positive or negative.
For this reason, factors that affect early development in the family are
probably the most crucial children are more likely to experience risk when
there is:
Lack of
mutual attachment and nurturing by parents or caregivers;
Ineffective
parenting;
A chaotic
home environment.
Lack of a
significant relationship with a caring adult; and
A caregiver
who abuses substances, suffers from mental illness, or engages in criminal
behaviour.
These
experiences, especially the abuse of drugs and other substances by parents and
other caregivers, can impede bonding to the family and threaten feelings of
security that children need for healthy development.
Other
factors-such as drug availability drug trafficking patterns, and beliefs that
drug abuse is generally tolerated-are risks that can influence young people to
start abusing drugs.
Drug Abuse
This is
characterized by taking more than the recommended dose of prescribed drug such
as barbiturates without medical supervision or marijuana, cocaine, heroin or
other illogical substance. Legal substances such as alcohol and nicotine are
also commonly abused by many people.
Drug abuse
is defined as any substance of biological or chemical origin which when taken
into the body may modify one or more of its functions (WHO 1996).
Drug abuse
is a widespread problem that distracts people from all socio-economic levels.
It occurs when a person feels the need to use a drug repeatedly for diverse
purpose.
Drug
addiction is said to be present when a person continues to abuse a drug after
serious problems related to the drug use have occurred, consequences which can
be severe. Dependence (psychological and sometimes physical) characterized by a
compulsion to use a drug to experience psychological or physical effects. Drug
dependencies take several forms, tolerance, habituation and addiction.
STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM
It goes to
show from all indication that the issues of drug abuse it’s a cosmopolitan
subject to all of human race. Despite the obvious negative impact on health and
its social consequences involved in drug abuse and the social unacceptability
that accompanies drug use numerous individual have indulged in its use. In
Nigeria, the question remains, why are drugs sold freely and bought without
doctor’s prescription?
Campaign’s
on the increase on the dangers inherent in abuse of drugs been broadcasted b
the media house (television, radio). The central problem of this research is to
critically determine the of drug abuse on the mental health of the individuals
in the society. Moreso, after carefully and critically exploring the role of
drugs abuse on mental health. This study seeks to give answers to the following
questions:
What are the
factors that encourage the use of drugs among people in the society?
What is the
relationship between mental health and drug abuse?
Is drug
use/abuse the major cause of deviant behaviour exhibited amongst lunatic in
psychiatric hospital in Benin?
OBJECTIVE OF
THE STUDY
The
objective of this study was to give answers or give explanation to the research
problems as stated. Therefore, this research aims at carefully determining the
role of drug abuse on mental health amongst psychotic patient in psychiatric
hospital, Benin City. The research also aims at high lightening factors which
may encourage the use of drug among. Patient in psychiatric hospital, this
would either be defective socialization, economic status e.t.c. It is also the
goal of this research to determine the relationship that may exist between
mental health and drug abuse.
Finally, the
research is geared towards giving explanation and determining of drug abuse is
the major cause of mental illness exhibited among psychiatric in the society.
RESEARCH
QUESTION
The
following are the research hypothesis that this study would want to verify:
Does drug
abuse play a major role on youth culture/
Does drug
abuse in a youth culture encouraged by the need to conform?
Is there a
relationship between youth culture and drug abuse?
Is drug
abuse the major cause of deviant behaviour exhibited among patients affected by
mental illness?
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
It is the
aim of this research that the study improves upon past studies done on the
impact of drug abuse on mental health problem as prevalent in psychiatric hospital,
Benin City. And it is hoped that the findings of this study would go a very
long way to advance opinions relating the nature of drug use among youths and
the necessities involved in the formation in the formation and membership of a
youth subculture.
Finally, it
is also hope that the findings of the research would stimulated and encourage
further interest into the research of this study by making it available in
clear and comprehensive statement, recommendations on measures, of controlling
drug abuse among youths and other members that are partakers.
SCOPE OF THE
STUDY
It is
pertinent to point that what constitutes drug abuse was determined in the cause
of this study. The types, nature of, and the effect of these drugs or
otherwise, substances have on the society at large. Substance abuse is both a
precipitating fact and a consequence of homeless. Prevalence estimates of
substance use among homeless individuals are approximately 20-35 percent; as
many as 10-20 percent are “dually diagnosed” with an additional mental health
diagnosis. In the United States, less than one quarter of individuals in need
of substance abuse treatment actually receives it; structural and interpersonal
barriers to accessing substance abuse treatment are exerbated by the realities
of homelessness. Thus, homeless persons have a higher need for treatment than
in the housed population, yet can expect to face more difficulties in accessing
the help they need. However individuals with substance used
disorders-particularly those who are dually-diagnosed-pose a substantial
challenge to the substance abuse treatment community; the first challenge is in
the engagement process, (Drake, 1991).
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