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THE EFFECT OF POPULATION GROWTH ON
THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
Background
of the study
Human
trafficking is a phenomenon that is
currently generating a lot of concern
globally, especially in countries
like Nigeria, where it is highly
prevalent. The generally acceptable
definition of human trafficking is that of the use United Nations which
defines it as the recruitment, transportation, transfer,
harboring or receipt of persons by means
of threat or the use of force or other
means of coercion, of abduction or
fraud, of deception, of the
abuse of power or a position of vulnerability or the giving or receiving
of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over
another person, for the
purpose of exploitation.
Exploitation include at a minimum, prostitution or other
forms of sexual exploitation, forced
labor or services, slavery or practice similar to slavery, servitude or
the removal of organs (Palermo Protocol,
200).
Thus, three
main elements are at the core of t his definition and they include: the actual
act of trafficking including the
recruitment transportation, transfer,
harboring or receipt of persons,
associated acts such as the threat or
the use of force or other forms
of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or of a position of weakness or vulnerability
and exploitation including at a minimum the exploitation for prostitution
(or other forms of sexual exploitation )
forced labor or services, slavery or
practices similar to slavery, servitude
or the removal of organs.
The
vulnerability of prospective victims are exploited in many respects; the victims most of t hem
are pre-teems, teenagers and almost female are taken far away from their homelands to cities within their country or across
national boundaries and exploited for optimum economic benefits. Many of them
are engaged in cheap labor such as domestic servants, hawkers, beggars,
prostitutes or put into other forms of servitude akin to slavery. Expectedly,
the global outcry generated against this phenomenon is informed by the obvious
human degradation which accompanies this racketeering.
The
suffering and indignity meted out to trafficked victims in the process of
transporting them and at the various detonations, especially those aboard, had
become a huge source of embarrassment to Nigeria’s integrity as a nation with
responsibility to safeguard the interest of its nationals as well as to states
often fingered as affected by this social malaise. Many states in Nigeria are
often affected by internal trafficking. Internal trafficking of young girls and
children is not a new phenomenon. It has been going on with the trafficking of
people from rural communities to major cities such as Lagos, Abuja, Kano, Kaduna,
Calabar, Warri and Port-Harcourt, predominantly for exploitative domestic work,
scavenging, begging and prostitution (Otibor, 2014).
The
incidence is a little more precarious in Lagos, the commercial nerve center of
Nigeria with a surging population of about 9.1 million. The busy schedules of
families who are mainly working class, makes high demand for domestic servants
imperative. Who are often sought from Cross River, Akwa Ibom State, Imo and
Ebonyi states (Ocibor, 2014.
Women
trafficking are best noted for their sexual exploitation which is quite high.
It brings high profit and is a low risk trade for those who organize it, but
detrimental to victims and non-victims. This trade, which the former UN
Secretary General, Kofi Annan described as an outrage and a worldwide plague is
conducted throughout the world with near impunity, in many cases, carries
penalties far less severe than drug trafficking. People are said to be snared
into trafficking by many means. In some cases, physical force is used. In some
other cases, false promises are made regarding job opportunities or marriages
in foreign countries to entrap victims (Emena, 2015).
Today, human
trafficking involves the movement of victims, usually women and children across
borders legally legally or illegally. These victims may be either documented or
without documentation as they head into an unknown destination, and in most
cases the person being transported is unaware of the consequences thereof. And sometime victims may be oblivious of
unintended consequences such as arrests and deportation while in transit to the
new destination. Many of the forms of women trafficking involve the movement of
people from one to another often unknown to the victim. In many cases, this
involves victims being lured by better opportunities in the form of jobs
elsewhere (Eka, 2013).
The negative
effects of poverty, exacerbated by political instability and mismanagement of
the economy, poor cultural practices have had the consequence of human right
violations, in the form of an increasing number of persons being forced into
bondage by traffickers in Nigeria. Akwa Ibom State has gained notoriety a one
of the main sources and transit of human trafficking. It is against this
backdrop that this study will be focusing on the socioeconomic effect of human
trafficking in Nigeria, using Akwa Ibom State as a case study.
Statement of
Problem
The
phenomenon of the human trafficking has been attracting local, national and
international attention of world leaders, academics, the mass media, advocacy
groups, the clergy and humanity in general. This is against the back drop of
the fact that the trafficking of humans has a number of far-reaching
socio-economic, health and political consequences. Several factors such as
poverty, unemployment, ignorance and unplanned family size have been adduced
trafficking has continue to thrive.
From
available statistics, we can say that 500,000 women are brought into the United
States of America and Europe yearly for sexual and domestic servitude. Of the
over 70,000 African victims of human trafficking, Nigerian account for 70
percent of those trafficked to across Europe alone. Human trafficking spread
across many states in Nigeria. One of the worst affected states in Nigeria is
Akwa Ibom State. Akwa Ibom State is a state endowed by abundant oil resources
that generates colossal funds for the state yet poverty, illiteracy and
unemployment still persist for traffickers to exploit.
Besides,the
state boast of high rate of literacy for a social malaise such as human
trafficking to thrive. Okon (2012)
observes that Akwa Ibom State is now leading in human trafficking and child
labour, pushing Edo State to the second place. Uwah (2009) argues that the
trafficking of women in Akwa Ibom State began as an economic arrangement; a
simple survival strategy adopted by families desperate a reprieve from biting
economic hardships.
While Ita
(2011) observes that numerous factors such as poverty, level of ignorance and
family size among other things account for why girls and women fall easy prey
to the antics of trafficking in Akwa Ibom State. As it is well known, poverty
is an inherent and factual reality especially in the Niger Delta. In Nigeria,
the World Bank(1995) reported that over 45 cent of the country’s population is
said live below the poverty line. Similarly, Collins (1999) observed the
reality that in most poor homes parents can barely meet the legitimate needs of
their children. He added rather painfully that the financial distress of most
poor parents them vulnerable to the deceit trafficking who promise their
children juicy and supposedly rewarding jobs only to cajole them into
prostitution and forced labor abroad.
Admittedly,
the trafficking of women with all its ramifications is tantamount to a
debasement of womanhood. Given the dehumanizing treatment which trafficked
women receive, the phenomenon of the trafficking of women is beginning to
attract attention from several quarters. The concern and attention which the
menace of human trafficking has begun to attract stems from the realization
that the phenomenon, being a national and international crime, means that no one
country or government has the power and the resources to eradicate it all
alone. The effects of human trafficking have been realized to be devastating,
dehumanizing and uneconomical. It should however be noted that such effects of
human trafficking are numerous besides encompassing every facet of the victims,
and non-victims lives (Uwah, 2009).
It is in
view of these foregoing problems that this study seeks to x-ray the
socioeconomic impact of human trafficking in Akwa Ibom State, and Nigeria in
general. In doing this, a number of questions are raised.
Research
Questions
The
following research questions are therefore raised to guide the study:
What are the
causes of the trafficking of women in Akwa Ibom State?
Is there a
correlation between poverty and women trafficking in Akwa Ibom State?
What is the
relationship between unemployment and women trafficking in Akwa Ibim State?
Is there a
causal relationship between crime and the trafficking of women in Akwa Ibom
State?
What is the
impact of literacy on the trafficking of women in Akwa Ibom State?
Objective of
the Study
The main
objective of this study is to assess the issue of women trafficking in Nigeria.
While the subsidiary objectives are as follows:
To ascertain
the phenomenon of human trafficking in Nigeria;
To find out
the causal factors of human trafficking in Akwa Ibom State;
To examine
the socioeconomic effects of human trafficking;
To evaluate
the pattern of human trafficking in Nigeria as well as measures taken to tackle
the negative trend in Nigeria;
To make
useful recommendation drawn from the findings.
Research
Hypotheses
The
following hypotheses are hereby formulated to guide the study:
H1: There is
a significant relationship between poverty and the phenomenon of human
trafficking in Akwa Ibom State.
H2: There is
a significant relationship between illiteracy and the phenomenon of human woman
trafficking in Akwa Ibom State.
Significance
of the Study
Human
trafficking ranks among the social malaises tarnishing the image of Nigeria so
much so thea study of this nature is appropriate. Besides, this study is also
significant because it sought to investigate the various ramifications of this
social problem that effects not only Akwa Ibom State, but Nigeria as a whole as
well as the society in general. More so, research of this nature will help
states such as Akwa Ibom, Edo Cross River, Delta, Abia and other states most
affected to tackle the reoccurring human trafficking problem.
The issue of
human trafficking has been receiving accentuated discourse in various
international for a, especially those organize by the United Nations
Organisation and some Non-Government Organisation (NGOs). This makes the issue
of human trafficking very significant and this study timely, relevant and
appropriate. Beside, the issue of human trafficking is one of poverty research
areas prescribed by the United Nations.Thus, making this research significant in
no small measure.
Furthermore,
this study will very useful to such organizations such as the United Nations,
International for Migration (IOM). The Congressional Research Service,
International Labour Organization (ILO), the European Union, The Global Alliance
Against Traffic in Women (GAATW), UNICEF and the National Agency for the
Prohibition of Traffic in Persons (NAPTIP) and WOTCLEF, as they are all
engrossed in the battle to tackle the menace of human trafficking.Just as the
study will also be very useful to all the countries, and Policy-makers involved
in the anti-human trafficking battle. This study will be useful to related or
subsequent studies in this regard as it will through its findings add to
existing literatures on this issue.
Scope and
Organization of the Study
the scope of
this study covers all issues of human trafficking in Akwa Ibom state and
Nigeria,in
general, as well as all related issues relevant to this study. This study is
organized in chapters, precisely five chapters. This is made up of distinctive
but inter-related chapter, logically linked. Chapter one treats the
introduction of the study; chapter two covers the literature review; chapter
three treats the methodology; chapter four covers the data presentation and
analysis; and chapter five the conclusion of the study.
Define of
Concept
Human
trafficking: This involves the act and
attempted act of recruitment and transportation of persons (both male and
female) within or across borders.
Women
trafficking: This refers to the recruitment and transportation of women across
national or international borders either
voluntarily or involuntarily, for sexual or domestic purposes. It also
includes the purchase, sale, transfer,
receipt or harboring of young girls and women through deception for the purpose of subjecting the women and girls
to involuntary servitude. In this study, trafficking of women and female
trafficking will be used interchangeably.
Women
Traffickers: These are organized criminal rings involved in the smuggling (illegal
transportation) of women across national borders to regional destinations (e.g.
Europe and ItaIy). They are commonly referred to as “Trolley”, “ItaIo”
“Sponsors”, “Madame” and “Boss”, etc.
Trafficked
persons: These are persons, male and female, recruited and transported within
or across national borders for the purpose of sexual or domestic services.
Internal
trafficking: This is also referred to a domestic trafficking. It involves the
recruitment and transportation of persons within the borders of a country,
either from rural to urban areas or from one State to another, for purposes of
sex work, child labor, or domestic services.
External
trafficking (Cross-border trafficking): External trafficking is also referred
to as “international trafficking” and involves the movement of people across
national, continental and international borders for the purpose of sex work,
child labour and domestic service in exchange for monetary reward (Akor,
2007:7-8).
Victims:
Persons who suffered for at tacked or are injured or killed as a result of a
crime, disease or actions of other people.
Non-Victims:
Those who do not directly suffered from attacks or are injured or killed as a
result of a crime, diseases or actions of other people.
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