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SOCIAL WELFARE SERVICES ON
HANDICAPPED PERSONS IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
of the Study
The issue of
welfare services in Nigeria exist with the motive of assisting the handicapped
persons to help themselves. Government
has the right to protect and foster the interest of the citizens by finding
solutions to the social problems of the handicapped persons in the society.
Handicap refers to problems a person with disability or impairment encounters
in interacting with the environment; it may be caused by physical, mental or
sensory factors and render a person abnormal in society. However, the World
Health Organisation defines the term “handicap” as any restriction or lack of
ability to perform an activity in a manner or within a range considered normal
for a human being (World Health Organisation, 1996).
Cultures
round the world have nearly similar perceptions or ideas of what a ‘normal’
human body is, when there is deviation from that ‘normal’ the society can react
in any of the following manner; shock, embarrassment, pity and denial. Being
handicapped may range from a person’s inability to walk on both feet unaided,
talk, hear, to seeing without glasses which makes the impaired persons to
suffer an inferiority complex as well as limitations in the degree of participation
in the normal life of the community either by being partially or totally
excluded (Momoh, 1997). Apparently, there is no society that exists without the
handicapped or disabled persons. Their powerlessness or vulnerability stems
from inability to compete or equate with other members of the society as a
result of some physical impairment. However, the government and even the
non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have put in place some welfare services
and packages in order to bridge the gap between the handicapped and
non-handicapped persons in the society.
Welfare on
the other hand includes all such activities as its objective and embraces not
merely a section but the whole society as its field of operation. The welfare
services by the government include areas like health, education, housing,
transportation and social security. To fulfil these responsibilities, the
government has to develop vision, mission, ethic statements and guidelines to
serve as a yardstick to measure its success (Ekpe and Mamah, 1997). Thus the
government has a vital role as the handicapped individuals and groups are
dependent on the government for protection, care and survival. Welfare services
whether in Nigeria or elsewhere is an essentiality in the society. Welfare is
the general good of the whole society without any reference to a particular
evil or evils, and without any distinction between high and low, and rich and
poor. It is the poor and the needy, the helpless and the under-privileged, the
underdeveloped and the unfortunate who require to be attended to and all
welfare activities are meant to supply this attention and care so that they may
attain normal average standard of life activity. Any state or government worth
the name has to look to the welfare of the people, including of course the
poorest and the helpless (Ade, 1986)
However,
various efforts have been made to improve the life of the handicapped persons
in the society. For instance in Akwa Ibom state special schools are established
where they can receive both educational and vocational training. This can make
the handicap persons capable of fending for themselves and contributing
positively towards the growth of the society. Also, the Ministry of Women
Affairs and Social Welfare (MWASW) in Akwa Ibom state provides rehabilitation
centres such as co-operative industries of Nigeria, shoemaking workshop for the
handicapped, Itu leprosy clinic, Arts and craft training centre, St. Joseph’s
remedial training centre and St. Louis centre. All this is put in place in order
to eliminate begging, starvation, delinquency, ignorance and dependency
(Dailysun Newspaper 24; 12; 2014).
According to
a recent survey carried out by the World Health Organisation (WHO), it is
estimated that about 10% of any given population are Persons with Disabilities
(PWDs). In Nigerian terms, this translates into 14million people out of a
population of more than 140million people (National Census figures, 2006).
Thus, the WHO organise and co-ordinates programmes such as the Community-based
rehabilitation (CBR) which focuses on
enhancing the quality of life of handicap people and their families; meeting
basic needs; and ensuring inclusion and participation. It is a multi-sectoral
strategy that empowers handicap persons to access and benefit from education,
employment, health and social services. CBR is implemented through the combined
efforts of people who are handicapped and disabled, their families and
communities, and relevant government and non-government, health, education,
vocational, social and other services.
Handicap
persons could be adopted by one or more groups or volunteers to their school
fees, train them in any vocations, provide walking aids like boots, callipers,
crutches, wheelchairs, tricycles etc. All these are practical social issues
that the community members should adopt as part of community participation in
CBR projects in their different communities. Nigeria as a whole being a
component community is obliged to embrace meaningful programme approved by WHO
committed to the benefit of the less-privileged and the handicapped members of
every society. There is need for a convention that will establish or
consolidate norms for the provision and protection of people who are
handicapped. Such convention should highlight the important aspect at the
national level of legislative, administrative, judicial and constitutional
measures to ensure that people with handicap problems will fully realise and
enjoy their human rights in the area of civil, political, economic, social and
cultural rights.
Inspite of aides provided by the government,
observable evidence show that the most of the handicapped people in Uyo
metropolis still go around begging for alms to survive which sometimes causes
nuisance in the streets, school premises, churches etc. In this part of the
Country, begging as a way of life was and is still frowned at. Each family
retained and helped its handicapped member(s) as it was almost a taboo for a
family to allow its members to beg for alms. These handicapped persons should
not be kept within the family and cared for; they should be given some
vocational education like weaving, bag making, mat making, carving etc in order
to make them useful members of the Society (Ijere, 1978). This study therefore intends to unfold the
possible ways and means to render essential welfare services to the handicapped
persons in Uyo metropolis of Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Over the
years studies conducted by scholars in Nigeria have shown that handicapped
persons often suffer so many challenges ranging from deprivation of welfare
services, inferiority complex as well as limitations in the degree of
participation in the normal life of the society. According to CLEEN foundation
report (2004), some factors responsible for handicapped conditions are birth
defects and health issues, oil pipeline explosions and road accidents etc.
Persons who are handicapped have long been exposed to prejudice, discrimination
and deprivation of essential welfare services as a result of their inability to
cope at the same level as able-bodied people in similar circumstances.
The World
Health Organisation (WHO) estimates put the number of Handicapped persons at 19
million of the country’s population. In Nigeria, a lot of people view
handicapped persons as a curse. They are discriminated against even within the
family. This resultant attitude has denied this Nigerians of their rights to
the dignity of the human person, and to the development of their full
potential, as well as participation in the development of the Society. The
issue of welfare services on handicapped persons is currently generating some
concerns in the society (Nigeria) and the conspicuously insufficient empirical
research on this topic especially in Uyo metropolis are factors that stimulated
a strong interest for this research. Also, to highlight to the Government and
other Agencies the need for provision of essential welfare services to
handicapped persons as well as fill in the gaps of knowledge and ways in which
the handicap persons in Uyo can be independent and socially integrated in the
society.
Objectives
of Study
As a result
of the inability of handicapped persons to participate in the normal life of
the family and the community, they become maladjusted because of a feeling of
inequality, lack of prestige and other concomitants of “not belonging”.
Handicapped persons in our society have provided challenges to those who
provide for their education and rehabilitation. Provision for and modifications
of services to accommodate them have created problems which have stimulated
innovation and imagination in the quest for appropriate solutions.
The
Objectives of this study is therefore aimed at achieving the following:
To examine
the role played by the government and other organisations for the betterment of
the handicapped persons in the State.
To seek ways
in which policy makers could formulate laws against the discrimination of handicapped
persons in the State.
To highlight
possible welfare services made available for the handicapped persons.
To identify
the effectiveness as well as weaknesses of welfare services on the handicapped
persons.
Significance
of the Study
The
significance of this study cannot be overemphasized; First, this study will go
a long way to enlighten individuals especially the handicap persons on their
rights and benefits put in place for them by government in the society.
Second, the
study will assist guardians, social workers and the Nigerian masses to adopt
measures which will assist handicap persons in improving their standard of
living and general wellbeing. Third, the research will serve as a source of
reference to others who may want to carryout similar research in a more
detailed format.
1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study
In this
study, the problems and challenges of the handicap persons in Uyo metropolis
will be critically examined. Also, the vital welfare services and programmes
put in place by the government to cater for their basic needs will be
discussed. However, the study will be limited to three selected sampled streets
in Uyo metropolis since it has a wide geographical coverage. The reason for
selecting three streets is because of limited time and schedule. Thus, the
sampled streets selected will represent the study sampled population within Uyo
metropolis.
1.6 Research Hypotheses
The
hypothesis is a tentative statement of the expected relationship between two or
more variables that need to be proved empirically. The study will formulate and
test the following hypotheses which are stated in Null (Ho) and alternative
(H1) forms.
Ho: There is no significant relationship
between social marginalisation and handicapped persons.
H1: There is significant relationship between
social marginalisation and handicapped
persons.
Ho: There is no significant relationship
between lack of vocational training and handicapped persons.
H1: There is significant relationship between
lack of vocational training and handicapped persons.
Ho: There is no significant relationship between
inadequate health care services and handicapped persons.
H1: There is significant relationship between
inadequate health care services and handicapped persons.
1.7 Definition of Concepts
The
definition of concept in this study will enable readers of the work to
understand the meaning of terms used in the study.
WELFARE
SERVICES: These are those organized activities that are primarily and directly
concerned with consideration of protection and improvement of human resources
which include social services, social assistance, children welfare, public
health, education, recreation, labour and housing.
VOCATIONAL
EDUCATION: Vocational education is education within vocational schools that
prepares people for a specific trade. It directly develops expertise in
techniques related to technology, skill and scientific technique to span all
aspects of the trade. E.g. weaving, bag
making, basket making, mat making, carving, etc.
HANDICAPPED
PERSONS: People living with conditions that markedly restricts a person’s
ability to function physically, mentally or socially.
PROGRAMMES:
It is plan of things that will be done or included for development to take
place.
POLICY: This
is referred to as laid down rules and regulations that spell out what should be
done.
DISCRIMINATION:
Discrimination is treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in
favour of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category
to which that person or thing is perceived to belong to rather than on
individual merit.
SOCIAL
MARGINALISATION: In this study refers to the process whereby the handicapped
people are pushed to the edge of a group in the society and accorded lesser
importance. It is also predominantly a social phenomenon by which a minority or
sub-group is excluded, and their needs or desire ignored.
ORGANISATIONS:
A social unit of people or body that is structured and managed to meet a need
or to pursue collective goals.
WELL-BEING: This entails a good or satisfactory condition
of existence; a state characterized by health, happiness, and prosperity of a
person.
HEALTH CARE
SERVICES: In this study refers to furnishing of medicine, medical or surgical
treatment, and any other necessary services of like character, whether or not
contingent upon sickness or personal injury, as well as the furnishing to any
person of any and all other services and goods for the purpose of preventing,
alleviating, curing or healing human illness, physical disability or injury.
SOCIAL
WELFARE: This is seen as a system of laws, programmes, benefits and services
which strengthen or assure provisions for meeting social needs recognized as
basic for the population and the functioning of the social order.
SOCIAL WORK:
Social work
is a profession concerned with helping individuals, families, groups and
communities to enhance their individual and collective well-being. It aims to
help people develop their skills and their ability to use their own resources
and those of the community to resolve problems. It is an organized work
directed toward the betterment of social conditions in the community, as by
seeking to improve the condition of the poor, to promote the welfare of
children, handicaps and less privileged etc.
SOCIAL
SECURITY: Social security is a programme of production provided against certain
contingencies such as unemployment, old age, industrial accidents and
invalidity against which the individuals cannot be expected to protect
themselves and their families by their own abilities and resources. This
general goal of social protection as rule is secured this through the various
forms of public assistance.
DISABILITY:
Disability is the consequence of an impairment that may be physical, cognitive,
mental, sensory, emotional, developmental, or some combination of these. It is
a complex phenomenon, reflecting an interaction between features of a person’s
body and features of the society in which he or she lives.
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