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ASSESSMENT OF FEMALE GENITAL
MUTILATION IN NIGERIA CASE STUDY BENIN CITY
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
According to
the World Health Organization (WHO), Female genital mutilation (FGM) is defined
as all procedures which involve partial or total removal of the external female
genitalia and/or injury to the female genital organs, whether for cultural or
any other nontherapeutic reasons (World Health Organization 1998). Worldwide,
government and non- governmental organizations frown at FGM having seen it as
an infringement on the physical and psychosexual integrity of the female child.
Nigeria was said to have the highest absolute number of cases of FGM in the
world, accounting for about one-quarter of the estimated 115– 130 million
circumcised women worldwide (UNICEF 2001). The prevalence rate of FGM was put
at 41% among adult Nigerian women (Okeke 2012). Nigeria is a country in West
Africa bordering the Gulf of Guinea between Benin and Cameroon. It has an area
of 923,768.00 sq kilometers with a population of 140,431,790 according to the
2006 National Population census (National Bureau of Statistics 2006). The male
constituted 71,345,488 while the female were 69,086,302 (National Bureau of
Statistics 2006). This study was donein a tertiary hospital in Edo State, one
of the 36 states of Nigeria. Edo State has a population of 2,398,957with the
female being 1,215,487and the male 69,086,302 (National Bureau of Statistics
2006). It is majorly inhabited by the Edo’s who are noted for high level of
literacy in terms of formal education and is reputed to have produced the
reasonable number of professors in Nigeria (Adesina 2008).The 2008 Nigeria
Demographic and Health Survey showed that 30% of female surveyed between ages
15- 40years had undergone female circumcision with the Yoruba and igbo ethnic
groups having the highest percentage (58.4% and 51.4% respectively) (National
Population Commission 2009).Olamijulo et al., reported the prevalence of FGM
among children examined at the child welfare clinic, Wesley Guild Hospital,
Ilesha, Nigeria to be 66.3%.The following states in Nigeria have prohibited
this act since 1999;Abia, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Ogun, Osun and
Rivers. However, with increasing awareness of the complication of FGM, there is
a recent ban on the practice in Nigeria as a nation in year 2015. The
prevalence rate is therefore expected to progressively decline in the younger
age groups. FGM practiced in Nigeria is classified into four typesas follows;
clitoridectomy or Type I, this involves the removal of the prepuce or the hood
of the clitoris and all or part of the clitoris. Type II or “sunna” is a more
severe practice that involves the removal of the clitoris along with partial or
total excision of the labia minora. Type III (infibulation), involves the
removal of the clitoris, the labia minora and adjacent medial part of the labia
majora and the stitching of the vaginal orifice, leaving an opening of the size
of a pin head to allow for menstrual flow or urine. Type IV or other
unclassified types include introcision and gishiri cuts, hymenectomy, scraping
and/or cutting of the vagina, the introduction of corrosive substances and
herbs in the vagina, and other forms. Consequences of female genital mutilation
include increased risks of urinary tract infections, bleeding, bacterial
vaginosis, dyspareunia, obstetric complications, psychological problems such as
depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, low self-esteem, etc
(Behrendt and Moritz, 2005), Abdulcadir and Dällenbach, 2013), Amin et al.,.,
2013), Andersson et al.,., 2012), Andro et al.Female genital mutilation is
classified into four major types (WHO, 1996). The most common type of the
female genital mutilation is type 2 which account for up to 80% of all cases
while the most extreme form which is type 3 constitutes about 15% of the total
procedures(WHO, 1996; Oduro et al., 2006). Types 1 and 4 of FGM constitute the
remaining 5%. The consequences vary according to the type of FGM and severity
of the procedure (Onuh et al., 2006; Oduro et al., 2006). The practice of FGM
has diverse repercussions on the physical, psychological, sexual and
reproductive health of women, severely deteriorating their current and future
quality of life (Oduro et al., 2006; Larsen, 2002). The immediate complications
include: severe pain, shock, haemorrhage, urinary complications, injury to
adjacent tissue and even death (Onuh et al., 2006; Oduro et al., 2006; Larsen,
2002). The long term complications include: urinary incontinence, painful
sexual intercourse, sexual dysfunction, fistula formation, infertility,
menstrual dysfunctions, and difficulty with child birth (Akpuaka, 1998;
Okonofua et al., 2002; Oguguo and Egwuatu, 1982). The physical and
psychological sequelae of female genital mutilation have been well highlighted
in many literatures (Onuh et al., 2006; Oduro et al., 2006; Badejo, 1983;
Klouman et al., 2005; ACHPR, 2003; Ibekwe, 2004). Recently, there has been
serious concern on the increased rate of transmission of Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV) following this practice (WHO, 1996; Klouman et al., 2005). The
practice is also a violation of the human rights of the women and girl child.
FGM categorically violates the right to health, security and physical
integrity, freedom from torture and cruelty, inhuman or degrading treatment and
the right to life when the procedure results in death. It constitutes an
extreme form of violation, intimidation and discrimination. Despite its
numerous complications, this harmful practice has continued unabated,
notwithstanding that Nigeria ratified the Maputo Protocols and was one of the countries
that sponsored a resolution at the 46th World Health Assembly calling for the
eradication of female genital mutilation in all nation (Klouman et al., 2005;
ACHPR, 2003; Idowu, 2008).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The practice
of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is regrettably persistent in many parts of
the world. This occurs commonly in developing countries where it is firmly
anchored on culture and tradition, not minding many decades of campaign and
legislation against the practice (Onuh et al., 2006; WHO, 2008). Female genital
mutilation comprises any procedure involving partial or total removal of the
external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for
cultural, religious or other non-therapeutic reason (WHO, 2008; WHO, 1996). The
World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that between 100 and 140 million
girls and women worldwide are presently living with female genital mutilation
and every year about three million girls are at risk (WHO, 2008). It is in view
of this that the researcher intends to assess the effect of female genital
mutilation.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main
objective of the study is on an assessment of female genital mutilation in
Nigeria with emphasis on Edo state. But to aid the completion of the study, the
researcher intends to achieve the following sub-objective;
i) To investigate the effect of
female genital mutilation on the sex drive of the girl child
ii) To investigate the role of the
government in prohibiting female genital mutilation
iii) To investigate the health implication
of female genital mutilation
iv) To ascertain the major reason for
female genital mutilation
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
To aid the
completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were formulated by
the researcher
H0:female
genital mutilation does not have any effect on the sexual habit of the girl
child
H1:female
genital mutilation does have a significant effect on the sexual habit of the
girl child
H0:government
does not play any significant role in prohibiting female genital mutilation
H2:government
does play a significant role in prohibiting female genital mutilation
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
At the
completion of the study, it is believed that the study will be of great
important to the federal ministry of women affair and the house committee on women
affairs as the study will help them formulate policy that will help prohibit or
eliminate the archaic and orthodox practice of female genital mutilation, the
study will also be of great importance to every parent as the study seek to
expose the dangers of female genital mutilation among female. The study will
also be of great importance to student who intend to embark on a study in
similar topic as the findings of the study will serve as a pathfinder to them.
Finally the study will be of great importance to students, teachers and the
general public as the finding will add to the pool of existing literature.
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of
the study covers an assessment on female genital mutilation in Nigeria, with
emphasis on Benin City. But in the cause of the study, there were some factors
which limited the scope of the study
a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The
research material available to the
researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study.
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the
study does not enhance wider
coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) FINANCE: The finance available for the
research work does not allow for
wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to
cover
1.7
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Female
Female is
the sex of an organism, or a part of an organism, that produces non-mobile ova
(egg cells). Barring rare medical conditions, most female mammals, including
female humans, have two X chromosomes.
Female
genital mutilation
Female
genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital cutting and female
circumcision, is the ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the external
female genitalia. The practice is found in Africa, Asia and the Middle East,
and within communities from countries in which FGM is common
Reproductive
health
Within the
framework of the World Health Organization's (WHO) definition of health as a
state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity, reproductive health, or sexual health/hygiene,
addresses the reproductive processes, functions and system at all stages of
life. Reproductive health implies that people are able to have a responsible,
satisfying and safer sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce
and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. One interpretation
of this implies that men and women ought to be informed of and to have access
to safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of birth control; also
access to appropriate health care services of sexual, reproductive medicineand
implementation of health education programs to stress the importance of women
to go safely through pregnancy and childbirthcould provide couples with the
best chance of having a healthy infant.
1.8
ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This
research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as
follows. Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the
(background of the study), statement of the problem, objectives of the study,
research questions, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope of
the study etc. Chapter two being the review of the related literature presents
the theoretical framework, conceptual framework and other areas concerning the
subject matter. Chapter three is a
research methodology covers deals on the research design and methods adopted in
the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and
presentation of finding. Chapter five
gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.
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