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CAUSE AND EFFECT OF YOUTH
UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
For some
decades ago, youth’s unemployment has been a serous economic problem in the
society, particularly in Nigeria as a whole.
It is
emergency in several developing nations it has struck where it once seemed
none-exist. It affects hundreds of the millions of people, many of whom are
mothers and fathers for two thirds of citizens in every nation. It is treating
as number one; it creates social illness for people. It is also a principle
roots of the problems of many young people who become involve in various
criminal activities like drug peddling. Advance fee fraud (419) and it disturbs
the sleep of millions and for the millions of others. It could be just around
the corner.
According to
Encyclopedia America volume 27 (1974) it state that, unemployment is a state of
person who wants to work, but does not have a job. It can be seen as a
structural problem where the production capacity of the economy is far below
the level of absorbing the available manpower. The unemployment can also be
said to mean those people who are able and eager to work, but for whom no
suitable works are available.
According to
ADRIAN SINFIELD unemployment devalues or debases the standard or quality of
life in the society. He elaborates further in the following ways:
The working
force would not be able to leave unsatisfying or unsatisfactory jobs because of
fear they could not be able to get another and as a result o these, the number
of frustrated and alienated workers increase.
Divisions
within society are likely to grow. The unemployed and those unsatisfactory or
unsatisfying works may blame weak groups in society for their problems.
Immigrants and ethnic minority may be used as scapegoat with the result that
racial tension increases.
Sinfield
believes that high level of unemployment reduce the chances of equality of
opportunity been achieved.
John Lea and
Jock Young said that unemployment among the youths leads to the marginalization
of some members of society because those who are unemployed feel they have to
stake in the society. Since they are not in any union, they lack the
institutional means to express their discontent. Many social problems have been
linked to unemployment “Sheila Allen and Alan Watson” says links between
unemployment and a wide range of social problems have been made by
academicians, politicians, and journalists, ill health, premature death,
attempted and actual suicide, marriage breakdown, child battering, racial
conflict and football hooliganism are of the examples that have been cited if
we look critically, we could understand that all these problems are being
caused by unemployment and it can be seen as an effect on individual rather
than society. However, clearly, they also have implication for society because
of unemployment does not cause or contribute to these problems, than it may
threaten the stability of society by undermining the family and causing racial
tension and crime.
Unemployment
is probably the most widely feared phenomenon of our times affirms the
organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD).
The extent
and consequence of this phenomenon are known, writes the commission European
Communities, but dealing it is “auduous” it is specter says one expert that is,
returning to taunt the street of the old continent.
Unemployment
is an old problem, for centuries people have been finding themselves involuntary
without work. Once the job was finished tens of thousand of people used in
large construction project then becomes unemployed at lest until they find
themselves in some other jobs. In the mid term they led a rather precarious
life to say the least.
During the
middle age “even though a problem of unemployment in the modern sense did not
yet exist” in those days anyone who did not work was considered as vagabonds.
During later as 19th century many British analysts associated with the
unemployed primarily with the roughs and a vagrant who slept out or walked the
street at night explains Professor Burnelt.
The
discovering of unemployment “took place near the end of 19th century or the
beginning of the 20th century. Social commissions were instituted to study and
resolve the problem such as the selected committee of British house of common
on distress from want of employment. In 1895, joblessness had become a social
plague. The new awareness grew dramatically particularly after the First World
War. The conflict with its frantic arms production had particularly eliminated
unemployment. But beginning in the 1920s, the Western world faces a series of
recession culminating great expression that began in 1929 and struck all the
industrialized economy of the world. After the second world war, many countries
experienced a new economic boom, and unemployment dropped, but the beginning of
today’s unemployment can be easily traced back to the mid 1960 says the
organization for economic cooperation’s and development, the labour market
suffered a new blow caused by the oil crisis of the 1970s and the computerized
information explosion with consequent layoff, unemployment has begun relentless
ascent cutting into even those white colours and managerial sectors once considered
secure. Economic distinguishes between a numbers of types of unemployment;
Frictional, cyclical and structural unemployment.
Frictional
Unemployment: This type of unemployment does not usually seen as serious
problem because it occurs when a worker changes job but does not adapt
immediately to the new job.
Structural
Unemployment: Generally leads to include as an important constituent, that
element of unemployment, which is due to the insufficiency of means of
production in relations to the employment availability’s. Structural
unemployment can also occur when jobs are available and there are workers
seeking employment, but workers do not match the job.
Cyclical
Unemployment: In the broad sense the term covers not only cyclical unemployment
proper, but also seasonal unemployment: this is a type of unemployment whereby
throughout the period, the number of unemployment far exceeded the number of
vacancies, that is, the supply of labour exceed the demand of workers by
employers. The concepts of cyclical unemployment do not imply that unemployment
will fall to comparatively low in the future. It is momentous to note that we
have both rural and urban unemployment.
To the rural
areas employment, which is the main form, under utilization of labour in developing
countries. It comprises those people who are doing some work but could do more,
yet are not seeking extra work. It includes many unpaid household workers and
family workers in agriculture. If the number of people working on a farm
holding is increased but more land is not cultivated, there is going to be some
disguised unemployment. Urban unemployment on the other hand takes form of
visible under employment, which comprise those people who are doing work which
is below their capacity. A person who is trained but cannot find work that is
suitable to his ability and take unskilled jobs for instance is visibly
underemployed, if he or she is actively seeking better work.
Unemployment
has hit all sectors of the economy one by one. For instance agriculture with
its increased in mechanization, which puts people out of work, then industry,
which has been affected by the energy crises from the 1970s on and now, the
services sector, commerce education a section previously considered
unassailable. Twenty years ago unemployment rate in excess of 2 or 3% would
have caused great alarm.
Today an
industrialized nation is well if unemployment is kept below 5% or 6% and many
developed nations have higher rate.
Unemployment
is not just a matter of facts and figures individual drama are the result for
the plague that strikes men, women, and unemployment can prove to be tremendous
burden especially if his been out of work for a long time will it difficult to
have a job and sadly. Some have never been employed again.
Furthermore,
while the proportion of young men and women out for more than one year appears
to have stabilized in the year April, 1985 to May 1986. The proportion of
unemployment for three or more years increased to encompass nearly 100,000
young would be workers. In addition to a doubling of total youth unemployment
displacement of the young unemployed into prolong durations of joblessness.
With the
advent of rising and persisted unemployment among young people, attempts to
explain it cause. As Ashton (1987) points out that such explanation were sought
first in demographic changes in the composition in the working population and
later in the high wages paid to young workers.
Ashton notes
further that growth in the supply of young people to the labour market was in
fact at peaked in 1979, before the sharp up turn in rate of youth unemployment
in the early 1980s. Thus, an over supply of young people in the labour market
can be best only a partial explanation of widespread youth unemployment.
In Nigeria,
many years ago secondary school leaver’s after they might have passed their
West Africa School Certificate Examination (WASCE) looked forward to the future
with confidence. Such school leavers may secure employment easier either of his
choice or near choice with promotion prospect. He may decide to go on to
continue his higher education or enter any training institution. Unlike the
secondary school leaver, the university graduate could choose from a range of
opportunity. The University graduate held an opportunity to either go into
government service, public cooperation or to commercial company like a bank.
In the past
fifteen years, at least since 1970s, there have been high job markets for the
secondary school leavers, in 1980s the University graduates have been hit with
unemployment. In fact, this unemployment problem what has happened to the
output of the secondary schools and universities. However, the concern of this study
is to find out or to investigate into the cause and also to find out a possible
solution to this enormous problem that threatens the core of out nation’s life
stream. This research is also carried out to reduce the problem of unemployment
among youths.
STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM
One of the
main characteristics of urban unemployment in the developing countries is that,
the proportion of the young who are affected is generally large. In nearly
every case the unemployment rate in the range of 15-34 age groups are equal to
or more than, double the rate for the population as a whole, whose unemployment
rate is already considerably influenced by the rate for young people. The
present study becomes relevant because one of the most important problems
facing Nigeria in general and Edo State in particular is that of employment
creation. It is very pertinent that those that suppose to constitute labour
force should be able bodied youths who are still under the age of 15-45 years.
In our
country today, those who can be found in this trauma (unemployment) were mainly
the youths, those that posses their secondary school certificate and university
first degree do not have a place in labour force. This unemployment problem had
actually pushed some youths to be hardened criminals, armed robbers, drug
traffickers, football hooligans marriage breakdown, racial conflict, attempted
and actual suicide.
In Edo
State, youth unemployment had lead to the manifestation or violence in the
society, for instance the Egor People Congress (EPC) members are unemployed
youth, significant percentage of armed robbers are unemployed youth. Youth
unemployment has created a balance deficiency in the overall function of
Nigeria society, between ages 18-64 which are suppose to be working population
of enlarge percentage whereby unemployment rate makes it impossible for this
population to work. The dependent population which in fact is higher in
percentage shall be sufficiently reimbursed, leading to mass poverty poor
natural income.
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
It is
significant because it will add to already existing body of knowledge of youth
unemployment.
It is
significant because it will look into the cause and effect of youth
unemployment in Egor Local Government in South Nigeria providing visible
solutions to unemployment in that area.
It will
bring to light various factors contributing to unemployment thus providing
probable instrument to policy makers.
It will
classify, locate and verity variables while are expected to form pre-conditions
of unemployment making problem solving possible.
JUSTIFICATION
OF STUDY
This study
is justified by its relevance in the area of contribution to the existing
literature or materials and helping to solve problem of unemployment in the
society.
RELEVANT
RESEARCH QUESTION
What is
unemployment?
Who is
youth?
Who is
unemployed?
AIMS AND
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To determine
the major causes of youth unemployment in Benin, Nigeria.
To elicit
the relationship (if there is any) between the overall economic characteristics
of the country and youth unemployment.
To elicit
the effectiveness or impact of youth unemployment on the Nigeria industrial
sector.
To advice
and give recommendation where necessary to the policy makers in the country on
one hand and youths of the country on the other hand.
DEFINITION
OF CONCEPT
In the field
of social research, there is the need to clarify the meaning of concepts
especially the way the investigation made use of them operationally. However,
Goode and Halt (1952) defined concepts as logical constructs derived from sense
expression, perception of even familiar complex experience. For the purpose of
this research, the investigation would make the following research concepts.
Employment:
it is a means of having a job or other gainful occupation.
Unemployment:
it is important to remember that unemployment cannot simply be defined as the
number of people without jobs. Such a wide definition would include children
who are too young to work, pensioners who are retired and housewives and others
who chose not to take up paid employment. Therefore it is state of a person who
wants to work but does not have a job.
Again, for
the purpose of this research and in spite of our recognition of different
definitions of youths in the literature on the subject, we shall restrict the
concept to those young people between the ages of 10-30 years. They constitute
about 65% of the total population in Nigeria. They also constitute the majority
of the total work force in the country.
Youth
Unemployment: this is a total aggregate of able –bodied youth that found
themselves in the dilemma of unemployment.
Visible
Unemployment: this consists of those who are doing no work, but are trying to
get work. The numbers involved may not be very large, but they may include
people who have obtained some education and cannot find suitable work.
Residual
Unemployment: this is associated with physical and mental disability. There is
no country without residual unemployment and because of this; no country can
achieved full employment.
Seasonal
Unemployment: this has to do with climate that is labour being employed
temporarily due to unfavourable climate condition.
Voluntary
Unemployment: where a person decided not to work either because the salaries is
not sufficient or because of being a housewife.
Disguised
Unemployment: this is the main form of under – utilization of labour in
developing countries. This usually occurs where a person is too qualified for
the job he is doing, it comprise of those people who are not seeking extra
work.
Mass
Unemployment: this is another type of unemployment, which look with trade
cycle. It is usually characterized by a general fall in aggregate monetary.
This happened during the period of depression.
Structural
Unemployment: this occurs when jobs are available and there are workers seeking
employment, but the workers do not match the jobs.
There are
two types of unemployment
Regional:
exist where the workers do not live in the area where suitable vacancies are
available.
Sectoral:
exist where the unemployed person lacks appropriate skills or qualified of full
skills.
GENERAL
DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY
The study
will primarily be restricted to the resident of Egor local government area of
Edo State. Thus it will be a micro study within the local government aimed at
finding out the caused and affects of youths unemployment. The major limitation
in this study will be the financial constraints coupled with the time
limitation, as a result of my pursuit of academic activities.
SCOPE OF THE
STUDY
Youth
unemployment in Edo State has been on the use since the colleges of second
republic with vices of corruption and austerity. Then in Egor Local Government
rural urban community where industrial activities are not developed and the
people are semi – skilled works, traders and farmers.
METHODOLOGY
This
research is designed to embrace both unemployed males and females residing in
Egor Local Government of Edo State.
I have
selected these sets of people because in hope that with their practical
experience as unemployed people they will be able to offer more useful
information required for this research.
The streets
are as follows:
Uwelu Road
1st Otawere
Avenue
Ojo Street
Otete Road
Immaculate
Way
2nd Otawere
Avenue
Oviasogie
Street
Iyamu Street
Uwasota Road
In each
street, thirty (30) respondents will be picked and it should be noted that the
sampling frame of this research work is one hundred and twenty respondents
(120) which comprise the four streets.
1.11
RESEARCH DESIGN
However, in
this research, the research method to adopt in this study is the survey method
in order to justify the study. A survey is the type of study in which the
researcher selects a sample of respondents on whom questionnaires are
administered or the respondents are asked questions directly either in form of
questionnaire or verbal interview.
1.12
HYPOTHESIS
Statistical
hypotheses can be explained as assertion of two or more types of hypotheses,
which are going to be used.
Failure to
acquire sufficient learning is a cause of youth unemployment
Industrial
recession is the cause of youth unemployment
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