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THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT ON THE
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background to the Study
The
influence of colonialism on Nigeria cannot be over emphasized. The influx of
white explorers, traders and missionaries led to the development of settlements
that differed from the traditional domestic environment. These new settlements
were designed to reflect the norms, values and economic policies of the
colonial masters.Africa, the land of blessed race, where the opportunists came
to develop in order to colonize their resources for their good, was then left
in vain hope(Allen, 2011).
Although
primarily established for white settlers, the new settlements known as urban
areas or township also served as a refuge for appreciable number of Africans
who had in some substantial degree emancipated themselves from the constraints
of traditional society. Among them were professional men, clerks and shop
keepers with at least primary education, growing numbers of wage-earners and
large number of farmers receiving cash income from growing crops for world
market (Fage, 1978).
The
projection of industrial capitalism in Africa produced well-defined urban
classes’ people with technical skills. They wanted to lift themselves into the
twentieth century world modestly symbolized by radios and bicycles and to enjoy
freedom based on knowledge and a more advanced mode of production. These
ambitions were feasible only in an urban settlement. Aba is reputed as a big
commercial city. It is predominantly inhabited by businessmen of various
persuasions traders, big – time technicians and craftsmen, importers and
exporters transporters etc. Even the few professionals like Teachers, Doctors,
Lawyers, Accountants, and Engineers etc. have unwittingly imbibed the
commercial tradition of the dominant group.
In Aba you
are either a businessman or you are nobody. In fact the influence of commerce
is so pervading that the market unions have come to connote the defacto
government or power broker in all of Aba. The defunct famous Bakassi Vigilante
Group was composed of traders and craftsmen. The commercial nature of Aba has
also influence the attitude and life style of most residents. The rat-race
syndrome is very pronounced. Everything is measured in terms of its worth in
money. People do not have time for anything else but money. Parents do not even
have time for their children. In some cases the children are surrounded by paid
cooks, drivers and house boy/maids who attend
to their
needs while their parents are busy making money. This creates room for child
abuse through neglect and over indulgence by parents. We can observe that the
environment regulates the social, religious, academic and cultural inclinations
of the child as other less fortunate children are abused through exploitation.
For example, those employed as shop assistants may sleep in the shops. The
typical day starts for such children of about 5.30am. The business continues up
to 9pm since there is no legislation on shopping hours in Nigeria. Children
serving as house helps are in similar situation. They wake up about 5:30 am and
do household chores up to 7:30 am or even later. Some of these servants who
attend school go to school already very tired. In some cases they walk a
distance to school thereby worsening the situation. About 2.00pm when the
school closes they go home to continue the household chores or carry clothes to
sell in the streets. They come back late in the evening tired and sleep off.
This routine is performed almost daily at the expense of the children’s
studies. The child who hopes to grow up and become a professional is subjected
to social constraints that are likely to obstruct his progress. Some of the
constraints are child labour, street hawking, street begging, early marriage,
child abandonment, child prostitution, child battering, sexual and physical
abuse and therapeutic abuse by fake traditional healers (Ebigbo, 1988, Echezona,
1991). The environment is characterized by models that cherish aggression
act-rich syndrome, substance level ambition and disregard of Education.
It is also
necessary to note that the surrounding or environment of a student influences
their performance. Learning and reading begins in school but the first
foundation of the child begins at home (Binkley 2008).
1.2
Statement of the Problem
The poor
academic performance of pupils in schools in Aba educational environment has
recently become a cause for serious concern. It has been observed by the
researcher that some senior primary school pupils cannot write or read a
letter. Others attend as many as three schools within their primary school
career due to constant failures in a bid to avoid the shame of repeating a
class. It has also been observed by the researcher that in Aba and some other
parts of Nigeria private school proprietors tend to boost the population of
their schools by admitting students without a testimonial or statement of
result and award fictitious results to ensure the promotion of such pupils to
the next class.
This ugly
development has been attributed to many factors such as teachers’ poor attitude
to work; poor infrastructure, examination malpractice; lack of qualified
teachers; truancy; poor motivation; Non-payment of salaries and the neglect of
instructional media by teachers etc. The primary school features the highest
number of impressionable learners and consumes a greater percentage of the
government budgetary allocation to education, hence the need to investigate the
influence of environment on the academic performance of pupils in Aba North
L.G.A.
1.3 Research
Questions
The
following research questions were formulated to guide the research.
1.) Does
noise pollution hinder the development of memorization skills by pupils?
2.) Does the
presence of rich but illiterate businessmen discourage excellent academic
performance or behaviour in class?
3.) Do
Pupils who indulge in so much domestic chores have poor academic performance
than pupils who do not?
1.4
Objectives of the Study
The general
objective of this study is to investigate the influence of environment on the
academic performance of primary school pupils. The following specific
objectives are to guide the study:
1. To
determine the extent to which a noisy environment hinders the development of
memorization skills by primary school pupils.
2. To find
outhow the presence of illiterate but rich businessmen affect the behaviour of
primary school pupils towards learning.
3. To
ascertain the ways in which the home environment affects the performance of
primary school pupils at school.
1.5
Significance of the Study
This study
on the influence of environment on the academic performance of pupils in
primary school will facilitate learning by enriching the knowledge of parents
on the adverse effect of child labour and hawking on learning. It will create
awareness on the importance of interaction and co-operation between parents and
teachers for the success of pupils in learning activities. It will improve the
attitude of pupils towards academic work through internal and external motivation
of teachers and parents. It will contribute to the volume of existing
literature on the role of environment factors on pupils learning. It also will
sharpen teachers understanding of the root causes of some academic problems in
the primary school. The insight derived from that will help to prefer better
solution to the problem. It will promote the development of the spirit of hard
work, self-reliance and self-control among primary schools pupils.
The result
gotten from this study will challenge the ministry of education to live up to
her duty by making the infrastructure available for the creation of better
learning environment. This study will highlight the importance of community
participation through the P.T.A. in school affairs to check deviant behaviour
resulting from the environment. Finally, it also will highlight the danger of
monetized value system with its attendant; ‘corruption’ because money is only
useful and valuable in the hands of an informed person.
1.6
Definition of Concepts
The
following concepts were defined:
Influence:
According to
the Sun Mobile Dictionary, the term influence is the “power to affect another”.
The Oxford Advanced learner’s dictionary defines influence as “the effect that
somebody or something has on the way a person thinks or behaves or on the way
that something works or develops”. The concept influence, as related directly
to this study, refers to the power the environment has on the academic
performance of pupils,more especially, in Aba North Local government area of
Abia State.
Environment:
The Sun
Mobile Dictionary defines Environment as “surrounding, things, conditions,
etc.” The Oxford Advanced learner’s dictionary defines it as “the conditions
that affects the behaviour and development of somebody or something; the
physical conditions that somebody or something exists in”. In essence, the
concept environment refers to thesurrounding of primary schools in
Aba North
LGA. It can also be defined as the conditions that affect the behavior and
development of pupils especially in primary schools.
Academy:
The Sun
mobile dictionary refers to the concept academy as a “school”. A school on the
other hand is a place of learning. A school is a place where children are thought
(Oxford mini School Dictionary: 2007). A primary school can therefore be called
an Academy.
Performance:
The Oxford
advanced learner’s dictionary defines the term performance as “How well or
badly you do something”. Performance as directly related to this study can also
be defined as how well or badly pupils of Primary schools do in there academic
work.
Academic
Performance:
This can be
define as the score a child or individual obtain in test or examination based
on his or her learning experiences.
Socio
status:
This is the
total state of an individual based on inequality in terms of occupation, level
of education and other societal issues defined by the environment.
Socio-
culturalbackground:
This is the
social and cultural makeup of an individual in relationship with his or her
environment.
Education:
This is a
formal instruction or training given to a child in school. According to the 6th
edition of the Oxford dictionary, it is a process of teaching, training and
learning, especially in schools or colleges to improve knowledge and develop
skills.
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