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DESIGN AND
IMPLEMENTATION OF PATIENT'S MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
This study investigated online hospital management system as
a tool to revolutionize medical profession. With many writers decrying how
patients queue up for hours in order to receive medical treatment, and some
end-up being attended to as „spillover‟, the analyst investigated the manual
system in detail with a view to finding out the need to automate the system.
Subsequently, a computer-aided program was designed to bring about improvement
in the care of individual patients, taking the advantage of computer speed,
storage and retrieved facilities. The software designed will take care of
patient‟s registration, billing, treatment and payments.
The programming language employed in this work was Microsoft
C#.
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study
The goal of any system development is to develop and
implement the system cost effectively; user-friendly and most suited to the
user‟s analysis is the heart of the process. Analysis is the study of the
various operations performed by the system and their relationship within and
outside of the system. During analysis, data collected on the files, decision
points and transactions handled by the present system. Krishna medical center,
luck now (K. M. C.) is a prestigious hospital situated in the heart of Hazrat
Genj with a very large patient capacity. This number is increasing at a rapid
pace with each passing day. The management of the hospital is concerned with
the increasing effort in keeping records of the patient and recording their
activities.
Health is generally said to be wealth. It takes healthy
people to generate the wealth the nation requires for the general well-being of
its people. There is therefore the need for adequate Medicare especially in the
area of diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Since there is a good relationship
between the job output and health of the workers, a good Medicare is vital.
Unfortunately, in most developing nation (including Nigeria),
this adequate Medicare is lacking due to how standard of technological know-how
and manual handling of most medical problems. As observed by Lyiama H.C. and
D.C. Chukwu, “very often, people in developing countries who are critically ill
are rushed abroad for special treatment because it is felt that Medicare
facilities at home are inadequate.
This is partly because computer – aided Medicare has become a
reality in many developed countries”. It is also a known fact that the
production of qualified medical doctors and other medical personnel and
consultants in on the increase, but his is not enough to meet the health needs
of the increasing population. The ratio of patients to a doctor is still high.
This situation creates problems, because proper and adequate
medical attention of patients is far-fetched. Nowadays, the low-income class is
mostly affected. Doctors hurry over their duties in order to attend to all the
patients. At the end of the day, they are tired and over worked.
Considering the rate of population growth the medical care
and facilities available, and the health needs of the people, computer-aided
Medicare is in evitable for more accurate. Furthermore with the present shift
to an information society, it is necessary to anticipate the future use of a
sophisticated electronic machine the computer.
This is necessary because the computer is rapidly finding its
way into every field of human endeavor, including medicine. Its application
includes patient care and protection, clinical administration, intensive monitoring
during emergencies, surgical operations, diagnosis and automation of medical
records.
For instance, during a complex surgical operation as
exemplified by Lyiama and Chukwu, “the computer monitors person being operated
on, revealing all vital signs (pulse, blood pressure, breathing rate, etc) of
interest to the doctors in the theatre, thus helping them to be more accurate
and effective in what they are doing. Such a patient monitoring system can be
with a video Display Unit (VDU), a keyboard for interactive inputs and an
alarm”. The wide range of the use of computer is due to its versatility as a
data processing machine and its ability to do things including complicated
tasks faster, better and more accurately than human beings would.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It has been observed that to receive medical treatment in
most of our hospitals, the patients queue up for several hours from one unit of
the hospital to another starting from obtaining a new hospital folder, or
retrieving an old one before consulting a doctor, to the laboratory unit for
lab test then to the pharmacy to get the prescribed drugs and so on. With the
manual processes involved in handling the patient most of them waste the whole
day in the hospital. Very often, patients leave their homes very early in the
morning in order to be among the first group to see the doctor. Otherwise, they
may end up wasting the whole day without due attention.
This situation is discouraging to most patients and sometimes
forces them to turn to non-professionals or even resort to self-medication for
quick recovery.
Moreover, the volume of work for the hospital personnel is
much. Patients outnumber the doctors, nurses and other medical personnel that
too much are required from them. In this regard, to examine all his patients
for the day the doctor hurries over his work without adequate attention and
expertise to his clients. Still, at the end of the day he is exhausted.
In addition to this, the diagnosis and prescription depend on
the doctor‟s memory and drug of choice. Their brains are often loaded with
different diseases, signs and symptoms, complications and various drugs for
their treatment and so on. Some of which are very similar. To remember and
process these huge information in his clinical work is very tasking. For this
reason accurate diagnosis and prescription may not always be obtained.
The keeping and retrieval of accurate records on patients are
poorly carried out in most of our hospitals. Files may be misplaced; the record
in them may be wrongly filled. Hence, it is not easy to obtain accurate and
timely information or data.
This is also the case with obtaining other medical
information and data especially when new folders and numbers are obtained each
year.
Finally, the keeping of folder for each patient manually
takes a lot of time and money and some of the information are redundant. All
these have net effect of loss of lives and inefficiency on the part of
management.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This study is centered on the following objectives.
1. To examine the current procedures employed in our
hospitals with regards to patients admission, diagnosis and treatment.
2. To examine the associated problem(s) or flaws in the
current system
3. To improve on the already existing system by designing an
efficient practical patient billing software, this is aimed at an accurate,
faster and reliable patient‟s information system.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research work is limited to patient‟s admission
information system including treatments, bills and payments. The software
developed will be carried out using Microsoft C# to manage the database.
1.5 LIMITATIONS
This project covers all aspect of Medical system with regards
to patient‟s information. Due to time and financial constraint, the software
developed excluded laboratory units.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Several possible advantages to practical patient billing
software System over paper records have been proposed which includes:
Reduction of cost: A vast amount of funds are allocated
towards the health care industry. The computerized system is implemented, it
will reduce the personnel cost.
Improve quality of care: The implementation of electronic
health records (EHR) can help lessen patient sufferance due to medical errors
and the inability of analysts to assess quality.
Promote evidence-based medicine: Computerized medical record
provides access to unprecedented amounts of clinical data for research that can
accelerate the level of knowledge of effective medical practices.
Realistically, these benefits may only be realized if the
systems are interoperable and wide spread (for example, national or regional
level) so that various systems can easily share information.
Record keeping and mobility: EHR systems have the advantages
of being able to connect to many electronic medical record systems. In the
current global medical environment, patients are shopping for their procedures.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Electronic Health Record– An electronic health record (EHR) (also
electronic patient record (EPR) or computerized patient record) is an evolving
concept defined as a systematic collection of electronic health information
about individual patients or populations
INFORMATION – Information is data, or raw facts, shaped into
useful form for human use.
SYSTEM – A system is a combination or arrangement of parts to
form an integrated whole, working together to achieve specific tasks. A system
includes an orderly arrangement according to some common principles or rules.
Subsystem – A complex system is difficult to comprehend when
considered as a whole. Therefore, the system is decomposed or factored into
subsystems. Subsystems constitute the entire system. They are complete systems
on their own but exit in another system called the complex system. Subsystems
can be further decomposed into smaller subsystems until the smallest subsystems
are of manageable size. The subsystems resulting from this process generally
form hierarchical structures. In the hierarchy, a subsystem is one of a
supra-system (the system above it).
Expert system: is software that uses a knowledge base of
human expertise for problem solving, or clarify uncertainties where normally
one or more human experts would need to be consulted.
Hospital information system (HIS): variously also called
clinical information system (CIS) is a comprehensive, integrated information
system designed to manage the administrative, financial and clinical aspects of
a hospital. This encompasses paper-based information processing as well as data
processing machines.
MIS- Management Information System is the system that stores
and retrieves information and data, process them, and present them to the
management as information to be used in making decision. It can also be defined
as an integrated machine system that provides information to support the
planning and control functions of managers in all organizations. By these
definitions, MIS must serve the basic functions of management, which include
planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. Information systems
that only support operations and do not have managerial decision making
significance is not part of MIS.
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